This section is devoted to theoretical and observational studies on cosmology, which the large-scale structure of the Universe, and its main constituents: galaxies and galaxy clusters.  These studies are based mainly on the observed properties of galaxies and galaxy clusters with the aim of understanding the physics involved and testing cosmological models.  The main research topics of our group are "Chemical and Photometric Evolution of Galaxies", "Galaxy Clusters", "Cosmology", and "Galaxy Formation".